Perlindungan Hukum Anak melalui Kebijakan Kriminal Terhadap Kasus Penganiayaan Di Tempat Penitipan Anak (Daycare)
Abstract
Child abuse in daycare centers has become increasingly prevalent in Indonesia in recent years, exposing significant weaknesses in the country’s legal protection framework, particularly regarding operational regulations and the integration of criminal policy. This study critically examines the effectiveness of national legal instruments and the implementation of criminal policy—both penal and non-penal—in safeguarding children placed in daycare settings. Using a normative legal method and a comparative approach, the research analyzes child protection systems in Indonesia, Japan, and Germany. The study is grounded in the criminal policy theory of Prof. Barda Nawawi Arief, which emphasizes a comprehensive integration of penal sanctions, non-penal mechanisms, and both preventive and repressive measures. Findings indicate that existing regulations governing daycare operations in Indonesia are fragmented and lack binding legal authority at the national level. The current penal approach is predominantly reactive, often enforced only after incidents occur, thereby prioritizing punishment over prevention. Furthermore, regulatory gaps are exacerbated by the absence of effective supervision and monitoring systems. Comparative analysis with Japan and Germany demonstrates the effectiveness of stricter licensing requirements, mandatory caregiver training, and legal instruments that explicitly link operational standards to criminal accountability. The study underscores the urgency of establishing a harmonized legal framework that integrates criminal policy with administrative regulations to ensure comprehensive child protection in daycare environments. This paper contributes to the development of a holistic and enforceable national policy that combines regulatory oversight, criminal enforcement, and preventive education. It serves as a policy reference for legislators, law enforcers, and childcare providers aiming to strengthen legal safeguards for children in institutional care.
References
Adolph, R. (2016). STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN PENCEGAHAN KASUS KEKERASAN DI KOTA BOGOR MENUJU KOTA BOGOR LAYAK ANAK. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 4(9), 1–23.
Brogaard, L., & Helby Petersen, O. (2022). Privatization of public services: A systematic review of quality differences between public and private daycare providers. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(10), 794–806.
Busse, A., & Gathmann, C. (2020). Free daycare policies, family choices and child development. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 240–260.
Cea, K., Silalahi, R. R., & Nadya, R. (2020). Strategi Manajemen Krisis Public Relations Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (Kpai). MEDIASI Jurnal Kajian Dan Terapan Media, Bahasa, Komunikasi, 1(3), 228–236.
Fort, M., Ichino, A., & Zanella, G. (2020). Cognitive and noncognitive costs of day care at age 0–2 for children in advantaged families. Journal of Political Economy, 128(1), 158–205.
Hardiyanti, K., & Indawati, Y. (2023). Perlindungan Bagi Anak Korban Cyberbullying: Studi Di Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (Kpaid) Jawa Timur. Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan, 2(4), 1179–1198.
Hensley, A., Wilson, J. L., Culp-Roche, A., Hampton, D., Hardin-Fanning, F., Cheshire, M., & Wiggins, A. T. (2020). Characteristics of RN to BSN students in online programs. Nurse Education Today, 89, 104399.
Hudson, C. E., Cherry, D. J., Ratcliffe, S. J., & McClellan, L. C. (2009). Head Start children’s lifestyle behaviors, parental perceptions of weight, and body mass index. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 24(4), 292–301.
Husmiati, H. (2017). Peranan Pekerja Sosial Dalam Penanganan Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Sodomi. Sosio Informa, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v3i2.892
Karisa, E. F. L. (2023). PRAKTIK PENANGGULANGAN TINDAKAN BULLYING PADA ANAK MELALUI KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK INDONESIA DAERAH (KPAID) KOTA YOGYAKARTA. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
Khotamin, N. A., Mukhlishin, A., & Nurjanah, S. (2024). Bulletin of Islamic Law, 1(1), 1–12.
Lynch, N., & Liefaard, T. (2020). What is Left in the “too Hard Basket”? Developments and Challenges for the Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801007
McMellon, C., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2020). Children and young people’s participation rights: Looking backwards and moving forwards. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(1), 157–182.
MUBAROK, M. A. (2023). PERANAN KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK INDONESIA DAERAH (KPAID) KABUPATEN CIREBON DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK. S1-Hukum Keluarga.
Parulian, R., & Madhakomala, R. (2022). An service program evaluation at KPAI Indonesia. Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 10–20.
Putri, I. A. (2022). Proses Dan Tata Cara Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tagga Oleh Lembaga Sarak Opat (Studi Kasus Di Kampung Bener Ayu Kecamatan Wih Pesam Kabupaten Bener Meriah). UIN Ar-Raniry.
Rahaditya, R. (2024). Peran Lembaga Perlindungan Anak dalam Menangani Kasus Penganiayaan Anak oleh Pengasuh. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora Dan Politik (JIHHP), 5(1).
Ramadani, J. (2021). Penyelesaian Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga dengan Hukum Adat di Kampung Hakim Bale Bujang Kec. Lut Tawar Kab. Aceh Tengah Ditinjau Menurut Hukum Islam (Analisi Penerapan Qanun Aceh Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pembinaan Kehidupan Adat dan Adat Istiadat). UIN Ar-raniry.
Roggman, L. A., Langlois, J. H., Hubbs‐Tait, L., & Rieser‐Danner, L. A. (1994). Infant Day‐Care, Attachment, and the “File Drawer Problem.” Child Development, 65(5), 1429–1443.
Rohmah, K. (2022). Mendidik anak generasi alpha di keluarga Psikolog melalui Islamic Hypnoparenting. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Sanjaya, R. C., Banafsah, Z. Z., Zein, B. Z., & Sunnah, I. A. (2024). Peran Peran Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (KPAID) dalam Pemenuhan Hak Anak Berhadapan dengan Hukum (ABH) di Kabupaten Cirebon. Jurnal Intervensi Sosial, 3(2), 17–29.
Shpancer, N. (2021). Day Care. In Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science (pp. 1817–1821). Springer.
Zahra, S., Elan, E., & Aprilly, N. M. (2023). Studi Literatur review: Analisis Pengawasan Kasus Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak Usia Dini Di KPAID Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science …, 3, 246–259. Retrieved from http://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/2119%0Ahttp://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/2119/1578
Adolph, R. (2016). STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN PENCEGAHAN KASUS KEKERASAN DI KOTA BOGOR MENUJU KOTA BOGOR LAYAK ANAK. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 4(9), 1–23.
Brogaard, L., & Helby Petersen, O. (2022). Privatization of public services: A systematic review of quality differences between public and private daycare providers. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(10), 794–806.
Busse, A., & Gathmann, C. (2020). Free daycare policies, family choices and child development. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 240–260.
Cea, K., Silalahi, R. R., & Nadya, R. (2020). Strategi Manajemen Krisis Public Relations Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (Kpai). MEDIASI Jurnal Kajian Dan Terapan Media, Bahasa, Komunikasi, 1(3), 228–236.
Fort, M., Ichino, A., & Zanella, G. (2020). Cognitive and noncognitive costs of day care at age 0–2 for children in advantaged families. Journal of Political Economy, 128(1), 158–205.
Hardiyanti, K., & Indawati, Y. (2023). Perlindungan Bagi Anak Korban Cyberbullying: Studi Di Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (Kpaid) Jawa Timur. Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan, 2(4), 1179–1198.
Hensley, A., Wilson, J. L., Culp-Roche, A., Hampton, D., Hardin-Fanning, F., Cheshire, M., & Wiggins, A. T. (2020). Characteristics of RN to BSN students in online programs. Nurse Education Today, 89, 104399.
Hudson, C. E., Cherry, D. J., Ratcliffe, S. J., & McClellan, L. C. (2009). Head Start children’s lifestyle behaviors, parental perceptions of weight, and body mass index. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 24(4), 292–301.
Husmiati, H. (2017). Peranan Pekerja Sosial Dalam Penanganan Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Sodomi. Sosio Informa, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v3i2.892
Karisa, E. F. L. (2023). PRAKTIK PENANGGULANGAN TINDAKAN BULLYING PADA ANAK MELALUI KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK INDONESIA DAERAH (KPAID) KOTA YOGYAKARTA. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
Khotamin, N. A., Mukhlishin, A., & Nurjanah, S. (2024). Bulletin of Islamic Law, 1(1), 1–12.
Lynch, N., & Liefaard, T. (2020). What is Left in the “too Hard Basket”? Developments and Challenges for the Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801007
McMellon, C., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2020). Children and young people’s participation rights: Looking backwards and moving forwards. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(1), 157–182.
MUBAROK, M. A. (2023). PERANAN KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK INDONESIA DAERAH (KPAID) KABUPATEN CIREBON DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK. S1-Hukum Keluarga.
Parulian, R., & Madhakomala, R. (2022). An service program evaluation at KPAI Indonesia. Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 10–20.
Putri, I. A. (2022). Proses Dan Tata Cara Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tagga Oleh Lembaga Sarak Opat (Studi Kasus Di Kampung Bener Ayu Kecamatan Wih Pesam Kabupaten Bener Meriah). UIN Ar-Raniry.
Rahaditya, R. (2024). Peran Lembaga Perlindungan Anak dalam Menangani Kasus Penganiayaan Anak oleh Pengasuh. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora Dan Politik (JIHHP), 5(1).
Ramadani, J. (2021). Penyelesaian Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga dengan Hukum Adat di Kampung Hakim Bale Bujang Kec. Lut Tawar Kab. Aceh Tengah Ditinjau Menurut Hukum Islam (Analisi Penerapan Qanun Aceh Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pembinaan Kehidupan Adat dan Adat Istiadat). UIN Ar-raniry.
Roggman, L. A., Langlois, J. H., Hubbs‐Tait, L., & Rieser‐Danner, L. A. (1994). Infant Day‐Care, Attachment, and the “File Drawer Problem.” Child Development, 65(5), 1429–1443.
Rohmah, K. (2022). Mendidik anak generasi alpha di keluarga Psikolog melalui Islamic Hypnoparenting. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Sanjaya, R. C., Banafsah, Z. Z., Zein, B. Z., & Sunnah, I. A. (2024). Peran Peran Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (KPAID) dalam Pemenuhan Hak Anak Berhadapan dengan Hukum (ABH) di Kabupaten Cirebon. Jurnal Intervensi Sosial, 3(2), 17–29.
Shpancer, N. (2021). Day Care. In Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science (pp. 1817–1821). Springer.
Zahra, S., Elan, E., & Aprilly, N. M. (2023). Studi Literatur review: Analisis Pengawasan Kasus Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak Usia Dini Di KPAID Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science …, 3, 246–259. Retrieved from http://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/2119%0Ahttp://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/2119/1578
Adolph, R. (2016). STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN PENCEGAHAN KASUS KEKERASAN DI KOTA BOGOR MENUJU KOTA BOGOR LAYAK ANAK. Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge, 4(9), 1–23.
Brogaard, L., & Helby Petersen, O. (2022). Privatization of public services: A systematic review of quality differences between public and private daycare providers. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(10), 794–806.
Busse, A., & Gathmann, C. (2020). Free daycare policies, family choices and child development. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 179, 240–260.
Cea, K., Silalahi, R. R., & Nadya, R. (2020). Strategi Manajemen Krisis Public Relations Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (Kpai). MEDIASI Jurnal Kajian Dan Terapan Media, Bahasa, Komunikasi, 1(3), 228–236.
Fort, M., Ichino, A., & Zanella, G. (2020). Cognitive and noncognitive costs of day care at age 0–2 for children in advantaged families. Journal of Political Economy, 128(1), 158–205.
Hardiyanti, K., & Indawati, Y. (2023). Perlindungan Bagi Anak Korban Cyberbullying: Studi Di Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (Kpaid) Jawa Timur. Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan, 2(4), 1179–1198.
Hensley, A., Wilson, J. L., Culp-Roche, A., Hampton, D., Hardin-Fanning, F., Cheshire, M., & Wiggins, A. T. (2020). Characteristics of RN to BSN students in online programs. Nurse Education Today, 89, 104399.
Hudson, C. E., Cherry, D. J., Ratcliffe, S. J., & McClellan, L. C. (2009). Head Start children’s lifestyle behaviors, parental perceptions of weight, and body mass index. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 24(4), 292–301.
Husmiati, H. (2017). Peranan Pekerja Sosial Dalam Penanganan Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Sodomi. Sosio Informa, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.33007/inf.v3i2.892
Karisa, E. F. L. (2023). PRAKTIK PENANGGULANGAN TINDAKAN BULLYING PADA ANAK MELALUI KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK INDONESIA DAERAH (KPAID) KOTA YOGYAKARTA. Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.
Khotamin, N. A., Mukhlishin, A., & Nurjanah, S. (2024). Bulletin of Islamic Law, 1(1), 1–12.
Lynch, N., & Liefaard, T. (2020). What is Left in the “too Hard Basket”? Developments and Challenges for the Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801007
McMellon, C., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2020). Children and young people’s participation rights: Looking backwards and moving forwards. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 28(1), 157–182.
MUBAROK, M. A. (2023). PERANAN KOMISI PERLINDUNGAN ANAK INDONESIA DAERAH (KPAID) KABUPATEN CIREBON DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PERLINDUNGAN ANAK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN ANAK. S1-Hukum Keluarga.
Parulian, R., & Madhakomala, R. (2022). An service program evaluation at KPAI Indonesia. Journal of Business and Behavioural Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 10–20.
Putri, I. A. (2022). Proses Dan Tata Cara Penyelesaian Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tagga Oleh Lembaga Sarak Opat (Studi Kasus Di Kampung Bener Ayu Kecamatan Wih Pesam Kabupaten Bener Meriah). UIN Ar-Raniry.
Rahaditya, R. (2024). Peran Lembaga Perlindungan Anak dalam Menangani Kasus Penganiayaan Anak oleh Pengasuh. Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora Dan Politik (JIHHP), 5(1).
Ramadani, J. (2021). Penyelesaian Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga dengan Hukum Adat di Kampung Hakim Bale Bujang Kec. Lut Tawar Kab. Aceh Tengah Ditinjau Menurut Hukum Islam (Analisi Penerapan Qanun Aceh Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pembinaan Kehidupan Adat dan Adat Istiadat). UIN Ar-raniry.
Roggman, L. A., Langlois, J. H., Hubbs‐Tait, L., & Rieser‐Danner, L. A. (1994). Infant Day‐Care, Attachment, and the “File Drawer Problem.” Child Development, 65(5), 1429–1443.
Rohmah, K. (2022). Mendidik anak generasi alpha di keluarga Psikolog melalui Islamic Hypnoparenting. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim.
Sanjaya, R. C., Banafsah, Z. Z., Zein, B. Z., & Sunnah, I. A. (2024). Peran Peran Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah (KPAID) dalam Pemenuhan Hak Anak Berhadapan dengan Hukum (ABH) di Kabupaten Cirebon. Jurnal Intervensi Sosial, 3(2), 17–29.
Shpancer, N. (2021). Day Care. In Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science (pp. 1817–1821). Springer.
Zahra, S., Elan, E., & Aprilly, N. M. (2023). Studi Literatur review: Analisis Pengawasan Kasus Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak Usia Dini Di KPAID Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia Daerah. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science …, 3, 246–259. Retrieved from http://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/view/2119%0Ahttp://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative/article/download/2119/1578
Copyright (c) 2025 Absarani Maharani Effendi, Ade Adhari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
